January 2011

Here’s an execution plan pulled from v$sql_plan in 10.2.0.3 with the “gather_plan_statistics” option enabled:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation                    | Name   | Starts | A-Rows |   A-Time   | Buffers |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   1 |  NESTED LOOPS                |        |      1 |      0 |00:00:00.01 |     608 |
|   2 |   TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| PARENT |      1 |    200 |00:00:00.01 |       6 |
|   3 |    INDEX RANGE SCAN          | PAR_I1 |      1 |    200 |00:00:00.01 |       2 |
|   4 |   TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| CHILD  |    200 |      0 |00:00:00.01 |     602 |
|   5 |    INDEX UNIQUE SCAN         | CHI_I1 |    200 |    200 |00:00:00.01 |     402 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The code defining the two tables is the same:

create table &m_table_name
as
select
	rownum					id,
	trunc(dbms_random.value(1,&m_rowcount))	n1,
	lpad(rownum,10,'0')			small_vc,
	rpad('x',100)				padding
from
	big_row_source
where
	rownum <= &m_rowcount
;

The indexes par_i1 and chi_i1 are on the id column and, as you can see for chi_i1, have been created as unique indexes. Unlike the table, though, the code defining them isn’t necessarily identical.

Please state, with justification, what you think the blevel is for index chi_i1 ?

(Note – to avoid any risk of confusion, remember that height = blevel + 1; and just in case anyone thinks it makes any difference, the tables and indexes were all created in the same tablespace which is my usual setup of 1MB uniform extents, locally managed, 8K block size and freelist management.)

The quiz isn’t intended to be cunning, devious and tricksy, by the way. It’s all about observing and understanding a fairly ordinary situation. On the other hand I’m sure there are interesting variations with strange side effects that could be introduced if you really want to get clever.

Answer 23rd Jan:
Rather than writing my answer into a new post I’ve added it below – but to give new visitors a chance to work out the answer before seeing mine I’ve left a big gap before the answer.

Reading the comments I think all the interesting points have been covered. We have comments covering special treatment of root blocks in nested loop joins, the “buffer is pinned count” statistic, possible changes in 11g, the hypothesis that I had set a large pctfree for the child index,and the link between “A-rows” in one line of the plan and “Starts” in another line.

For reference, my query looked like this:

select
	par.small_vc,
	chi.small_vc
from
	parent	par,
	child	chi
where
	par.id between 301 and 500
and	chi.id = par.n1
and	chi.n1 = 0
;

The mechanics of the plan are:
Line 3 – index range scan of par_i1 (which finds ultimately 200 matching rowids).
Line 2 – for each rowid from line 3 check the matching table row (which ultimately returns 200 rows)

Then two hundred calls to:
Line 5 – index unique scan of chi_i1, which always finds it single row – hence returning 200 rowids in total
Line 4- check the matching row in the table – which always fails – hence returning zero rows in total

The critical counts that allow you to answer my question are the 402 and 602 buffer gets in lines 5 and 4. Ignoring, temporarily, the odd 2 these numbers are clearly 200 times something – which is rather nice given that we know that we are doing something 200 times. The simplest solution, of course is that the (602 – 402 =) 200 gets due to line 4 represents the visits to the 200 table blocks, leaving us with 400 (plus an odd bit) to account for.

Now consider the possibilities:

Blevel = 0 – we would visit the only index block (which would be the root, but look like a leaf) then visit the table.
Blevel = 1 – we would visit the root, the leaf which is the next layer down, then the table
Blevel = 2 – we would visit the root, the branch level, the leaf, then the table.

So, at first sight we might decide the only way to get 400 buffer visits from the index is to have Blevel = 1, visit the root and the leaf. But that’s not the way it works (apart from a couple of versions which had a bug).

When running a nested loop join, Oracle “pins” the root block of the inner (second table) index, which means it attaches a structure to the “users’ list” in the buffer header that links the session’s state object directly to the buffer header. So, in my nested loop join, Oracle gets the root block once and keeps it pinnned, then gets branch and leaf blocks 200 times. The blevel on the child index is 2. (The blevel of the parent index is only 1 – I had set the pctfree on the child index to 90 to make it much larger than it needed to be.)

This “root block pin” isn’t the only pinning optimisation in the query, though. In detail, the steps are as follows – and this is something you would be table to see in the trace file if you enabled event 10200 (one of the ‘consistent reads’ traces).

1) Get the root block of parent index and pin it
2) Get the first relevant leaf block of the parent index and pin it
3) Get the first relevant table block of the parent table and pin it.
4) Get the root block of the child index and pin it
5) Get the relevant branch block of the child index (no pin)
6) Get the relevant leaf block of the child index (no pin)
7) Get the table block of the child table (no pin) — row does not match final predicate and is rejected
8) Revisit the parent index leaf block through the pin (add one to “buffer is pinned count”)
9) Revisit the parent table block through the pin (add one to “buffer is pinned count”)
10) Revisit the child index root block through the pin (add one to “buffer is pinned count”)
11) Get a new child branch
12) Get a new child leaf
13) Get a new table block
14) Repeat for a total of 200 cycles from step 8

There a couple of deviations from this cycle, of course. The rows I needed from parent were spread across 4 consecutive blocks in the table so, roughly every 50 rows from parent, line (9) above would become “release current pinned parent block, get new parent block and pin it”. The other little oddity that I can’t explain is that Oracle does “get” the child root block on the second visit to the index as well as the first visit – and then pins it from that moment onwards. So the counts are:

Gets on the parent index 2 (root and leaf)
Gets on the parent table 4 (one for each table block visited)
Gets on the child index 402 (two on the root block, 200 on branch blocks, 200 on leaf blocks)
Gets on the child table (200 for each row/block accessed)

Inevitably, things change – Oracle keeps getting smarter about things like ‘consistent gets – examination’, ‘buffer is pinned count’ and, in 11g, “fastpath” access to buffered blocks. This is a clue to the difference in gets that Charles Hooper recorded in 11.2.0.2 – and explains why I chose to use 10.2.0.3 with a unique index for my example. If you want to investigate other variations all it takes is snapshots of v$mystat, calls to “alter system flush buffer_cache”, and event 10200; the treedump can also be very helpful for identifying block addresses.

[Some notes which say a little more about gets and pins]

Luis Daziano from Argentina asked me about the location of the series I wrote for Oracle Technology Network on Advanced Linux commands. Fortunately, OTN still has all of them, although it has become a little difficult to find. Here are the five articles, if you are interested.

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/linux/part1-091089.html

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/linux/part3-090589.html

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/linux/part2-085179.html

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/linux/part4-097181.html

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/linux/part5-096399.html

Enjoy.

I will be talking about advanced RAC troubleshooting in Hotsos symposium ’11. Hotsos Symposium, conducted every March in Dallas, TX, is an intensive seminar series probing the deep waters of Performance related to Oracle Database.

There are many great speakers in this conference. It gives me a great pleasure to meet many folks that I have known for years, exchange ideas, and learn from industry leaders.

Hope to see you there!